Friday, October 3, 2014

What to See When You Have One Day in London

      Hello amazing and cultured viewers—today, I would like to pick out some places to visit if you only have one balmy afternoon in London! Last summer, I was the ultimate tourist in England, and managed to soak in the most memorable places in London in about six hours. Although I was rushed at times, the overall experience was positive, and I was able to nail a museum, government building, and church in one go. And don’t forget, MIND THE GAP on the London underground!

       To actually get to downtown London, I had to take several above-ground and underground trains or “Tubes.” I was staying in Walton-on-the-Thames, a small suburb just outside of London that has the characteristic narrow, twisting roads and cookie cutter brick houses. After navigating the labyrinth of palely lit tunnels, I emerged into broad daylight in the midst of inner city London. Surprisingly, the city was boiling, unusual on all accounts for English weather. The first (and most cultured) tourist trap I visited was the world-renowned British Museum. I have already discoursed on the wonders in this building, including the famed Elgin Marbles, ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian art, the Rosetta Stone, and Hoa Hakananai'a. For me, the most exciting artwork was the serious Ancient Roman busts that tickled my fancy like nothing else. The museum was as hot as blacktop in central Georgia, and that did somewhat detract from the museum experience---no matter, the entrance was free. The small streets in front of the Ionic-columned museum were quaint and English, despite the big city feel.
British Museum
       After hopping onto the Tube again (and witnessing many lovely musicians plucking away on their instruments), I found myself blinking dazedly in front of the iconic Buckingham Palace. Of course, the emotionless guards were marching about as if they owned the place, but their bearskin hats were pretty amazing. The day I was here, Kate Middleton was just about to have her first baby. To my right, there was a whole media city filled with white tents, camera crews, and sketchy vans. It was like I was at the Quidditch World Cup. On a more morbid note, I almost died trying to get the picture below this text. There was a street lined with patriotic red and blue British flags all the way down, and I was determined to get the best angle possible (i.e. in the middle of the road). Thank-goodness my peripheral vision kicked in because I managed to scuttle to the edge of the road before the onslaught of cars rushed forward.
"I almost died" photograph

       On the way to the historic Trafalgar Square, I passed under the Admiralty Arch. It was designed in 1912, and the interesting Latin text on the attic story reads “In the tenth year of King Edward VII, to Queen Victoria, from most grateful citizens, 1910” (Project Britain). Classical languages aside, I thought Trafalgar Square was bustling, yet historic. One particular building of interest (at least to Neoclassical and Baroque fans!) is St. Martins-in-the-Field Church. I have written extensively about this prototype structure, so watch my comparative video here. When I walked in, an orchestra was practicing Handel, Bach, and Mozart, which was simply divine. Not to mention the strikingly modern and distorted window….Step outside the Church (which is practically the model for all Protestant churches in the United States), and look to your right—it’s the National Gallery Museum! Although I was too busy to walk inside and check out the art, I know this museum contains works such as “The Arnolfini Wedding” by van Eyck, “The Supper at Emmaus” by Caravaggio, and “Sunflower” by van Gogh. 
       On the way to the House of Parliament and Big Ben clock (Gothic Revival style), I passed a McDonalds (typical) and a café with the name “SPQR” from Ancient Rome on it. I still regret not going in, seeing as I am obsessed with all things Rome. The House of Parliament is beautiful as it sits gracefully on the banks of the River Thames; Big Ben is like a beacon of beige, although it is striking on the horizon as well. Walk a few more steps past the House of Parliament, and voila, here is the Westminster Abbey! Famous for being the place in which Will and Kate were married, the Abbey is wonderfully Gothic with pointed arches, tracery, and quatrefoils. It was built around 1090, and I just discovered that Isaac Newton, Edward the Confessor, and Handel were buried here! 


      Finally, the last “touristy” building I managed to ingrain into my brain was the London Eye. I saw it first on a bridge across the Thames, and then I managed to stand right under it. To be frank, I was surprised that it rotated so slowly—I frequently caught myself wondering, “Is this thing even spinning?” Alas, it was, albeit at only 1 or even a ½ revolution per minute. One tip: do not purchase the ice cream under the London Eye; it is pretty bitter and terrible. Finally, the last detail about London I would like to mention is the name of the underground stops—I saw “Tottenham Court Road” from Harry Potter. My inner Geek was obsessed!

Tuesday, September 30, 2014

The Theories of Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift

       Because I think anything related to our natural environment is appealing, I decided to discuss the fascinating topic of plate tectonics and how it differs from continental drift (another landmass theory). Both attempt to explain how our landmasses are situated the way they are today and why. They also are enmeshed with the lithosphere, the region of the Earth that contains the crust and the solid upper mantle. To start, the landmasses of our Earth were all bunched together in a supercontinent, Pangaea, millions of years ago. However, how have Africa and South America separated as well as Alaska and Russia? Simply feed your eyes and brain by reading the rest of this article.
Plate tectonics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonics
       Plate tectonics is the movement of the earth’s crust (the upper portion of the lithosphere). The crust and major plates shift over time and separate to form new landmasses. The plates move in the first place because of the dispersed heat that is generated in the center of Earth by the liquid mantle rock. There are seven major plate boundaries on Earth: Antarctic, Indo-Australian, Pacific, South American, North American, African, and Eurasian. It is the boundaries between the plates that cause many natural disasters in today’s world. Take tsunamis for example: because of a convergent plate boundary, the giant waves are able to generate. At an oceanic-continental meeting of two plates, one plate (the oceanic) subducts under the continental plate. However, instead of a smooth subduction, the two plates catch/rub on each other, and friction occurrs. Once the continental plate finally snaps over the oceanic plate, a massive release of energy ensues and the tsunami is able to form. Once the energy is transferred to the ocean, the waves are able to rear their ugly heads and move quickly outward towards land. The water forms a wall over the land and crashes over it, inundating coastal beaches, businesses, and homes.

Continental Drift
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_drift
       The other prevailing (but less accurate) theory is that of continental drift. It was proposed by the industrious Alfred Wegener in the early 1900s (c. 1915). Continental drift is the theory that the landmasses of Earth were all connected into one supercontinent, Pangaea. Over time, the large landmass separated and formed the continents we know today. This happened because of heat within the Earth's mantle. Wegener cited evidence for continental drift (i.e. similar coastlines and organisms of South America and Africa), but it was generally weaker compared to the evidence for plate tectonics today. Plate tectonics is only considered a fact because it adequately explains the formation of volcanoes, trenches, mountain ranges, etc. Continental drift is vaguer and only talks about landmasses floating on top of the Earth's surface.

Mariana Trench
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Trench
       Because of plate tectonics, other large scale natural events can occur from the depths of the deepest trenches (i.e. the Mariana Trench formed because of a convergent boundary) to the highest peaks of the most blustery mountain ranges (i.e. the Himalayas were formed because of a continental-continental convergent boundary). One important term to discuss is subduction. This occurs when one tectonic plate is denser, so it literally “slides” under the lighter top plate. Imagine two hands touching tip to tip. Now imagine one hand sliding under the other in a downward motion: that is subduction. This tectonic quagmire causes volcanoes as well as tsunamis. Subduction has also helped to create the fabled Ring of Fire, a chain of some of the world’s largest volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean. A hotspot is caused by the melting of certain plates and the mantle within the Earth. This heat creates isolated volcanoes which spew magma onto the sea floor. The gradual building up lava rises up out of the ocean to create a true above-ground volcano (think of the Hawaiian Islands).

Sources
Marine Science course

Monday, September 29, 2014